The Debate Over the Clearcutting Method

The Debate Over the Clearcutting Method Clearcutting is a method of harvesting and regenerating trees in which all trees are cleared from a site and a new, even-aged stand of timber is grown. Clearcutting is only one of several methods of timber management and harvest on both private and public forests. However, this single method of harvesting trees has always been controversial but even more so since mid-1960s environmental awareness. Many conservation and citizen groups object to clearcutting on any forest, citing soil and water degradation, unsightly landscapes, and other damages. The wood products industry and mainstream forestry professionals defend clearcutting as an efficient and successful silvicultural system but only used under certain conditions where non-timber issues are not degraded. The choice of clearcutting by forest owners is much dependent upon their objectives. If that objective is for maximum timber production, clearcutting can be financially efficient with lower costs for timber harvesting than other tree harvesting systems. Clearcutting has also proven successful for regenerating stands of certain tree species without damaging the ecosystem. Current Status The Society of American Foresters, an organization that represents mainstream forestry, promotes clearcutting as a method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class develops in a fully-exposed microclimate after removal, in a single cutting, of all trees in the previous stand. There is some debate about the minimum area that constitutes a clearcut, but typically, areas smaller than 5 acres would be considered patch cuts. Larger cleared forests more easily fall into the classic, forestry defined as clear-cut. Removing trees and forests to convert land to non-forest urban development and rural agriculture would not be considered clearcutting. This is called land conversion - converting the use of land from forest to another type of use. What's All the Fuss About? Clearcutting is not a universally accepted practice. Opponents of the practice of cutting every tree within a specific area contend it degrades the environment. Forestry professionals and resource managers argue that the practice is sound if used properly. In a report written for a major private forest owner publication, three extension specialists, one forestry professor, one assistant dean of a major college of forestry and a state forest health specialist agree that clearcutting is a necessary silvicultural practice. According to the article, a complete clearcut usually creates the best conditions for regenerating stands under certain conditions and should be used when those conditions occur. Check out these clearcut myths and facts developed by the Virginia Department of Forestry (pdf). This is opposed to a commercial clearcut where all trees of marketable species, size, and quality are cut. This process does not take into account any of the concerns addressed by forest ecosystem management. Aesthetics, water quality, and forest diversity  are the main sources of public objection to clearcutting. Unfortunately,  an often disinterested public and casual viewers of forestry activities have overwhelmingly decided that clearcutting is not an acceptable social practice simply by looking at the practice from their car windows. Negative terms like deforestation, plantation forestry, environmental degradation and excess and exploitation are closely associated with clearcutting. I have written a history of how forest ecosystems are now treated by natural resource professionals to include most foresters. Clearcutting in national forests can now only be done if it is used to further the improvement of ecological objectives to include wildlife habitat improvement or to preserve forest health but not for specific economic gain. Pros Proponents of clearcutting suggest that it is a sound practice if the right conditions are met and correct harvest methods used. Here are conditions that can include clearcutting as a harvest tool: When regenerating tree species that need full sunlight to stimulate seed sprouting and seedling growth.When dealing with sparse or exposed or shallow-rooted trees that are in danger of being damaged by  wind.When trying to produce an even-aged stand.When regenerating stands of tree species that are dependent on wind blown seed, root suckers or cones that need fire to drop seed.When faced with salvaging over-mature stands and/or stands killed by insects, disease or fire.When converting to another tree species by planting or seeding.To provide habitat for wildlife species that require edge, new ground and high-density, even-aged stands. Cons Opponents of clearcutting suggest that it is a destructive practice and should never be done. Here are their reasons, although not  every one of these can be supported by current scientific data: A clearcut increases soil erosion, water degradation and increased  silting  in creeks, rivers, and reservoirs.Old growth forests, which have been systematically clearcut, are healthy ecosystems which have evolved over centuries to be more resistant to insects and disease.Clearcutting inhibits sustainability of healthy and holistic forest ecosystems.Aesthetics and quality forest views are compromised by clearcutting.Deforestation and the resulting removal of  tree  from clearcutting  leads  to a plantation forestry mentality and results in environmental degradation.

How to Calculate Commissions Using Percents

How to Calculate Commissions Using Percents Percent  means per 100 or of each hundred. In other words, a percent is a value divided by 100 or a  ratio  out of 100. There are many real-life uses for finding the percentage. Real estate agents, car dealers, and pharmaceutical sales representatives earn commissions that are a percentage, or part, of sales. For example, a real estate agent might earn a portion of the selling price of a house that she helps a client purchase or sell. A car salesperson earns a portion of the selling price of an automobile that she sells. Working real-life percentage problems can help you better understand the process. Calculating Commissions Noel, a real estate agent, aims to earn at least $150,000 this year. She earns a 3 percent commission on every house she sells. Whats the total dollar amount of houses that she must sell to reach her goal? Start the problem by defining what you know and what you seek to determine: Noel will earn $3 per $100 in sales.She will earn $150,000 per (what dollar amount)  in sales? Express the problem as follows, where s stands for total sales: 3/100 $150,000/s ​ To solve the problem, cross multiply. First, write the fractions vertically. Take the first fractions numerator (top number) and multiply it by the second fractions denominator (bottom number). Then take the second fractions numerator and multiply it by the first fractions denominator, as follows: 3 x s   $150,000 x 1003 x s $15,000,000 Divide both sides of the equation by 3 to solve for s: 3s/3 $15,000,000/3s $5,000,000 So, to make $150,000 in annual commission, Noel would have to sell houses that total $5 million. Leasing Apartments Ericka, another real estate agent, specializes in leasing apartments. Her commission is 150 percent of her clients monthly rent. Last week, she earned $850 in commission for an apartment that she helped her client to lease. How much is the monthly rent? Start by defining what you know and what you seek to determine: $150 per $100 of the monthly rent is paid to Ericka as a commission.$850 per (what amount) of the monthly rent is paid to Ericka as a commission? Express the problem as follows, where r stands for the monthly rent: 150/100 $850/r Now cross multiply: $150 x r $850 x 100$150r $85,000 Divide both sides of the equation by 150 to solve for r: 150r/150 85,000/150r $566.67 So, the monthly rent (for Jessica to earn $850 in commission) is $556.67. Art Dealer Pierre, an art dealer, earns 25 percent commission of the dollar value of art he sells. Pierre earned  $10,800 this month. What was the total dollar value of the art that he sold?   Start by defining what you know and what you seek to determine: $25 per $100 of Pierres art sales is paid to him as commission.$10,800 per (what dollar amount) of Pierres art sales is paid to him as commission? Write the problem as follows, where s stands for sales: 25/100 $10,800/s First, cross multiply: 25 x s $10,800 x 10025s   $1,080,000 Divide both sides of the equation by 25 to solve for s: 25s/25 $1,080,000/25s $43,200 Thus, the  total dollar value of the art that Pierre sold is $43,200. Car Salesperson Alexandria, a salesperson at a car dealership, earns 40 percent commission of her luxury vehicle  sales. Last year, her commission was $480,000. What was the total dollar amount of her sales last year?  Define what you know and what you seek to determine: $40 per $100 of the car sales is paid to Ericka as a commission.$480,000 per (what dollar amount) of the car sales is paid to Ericka as a commission? Write the problem as follows, where s stands for car  sales: 40/100 $480,000/s Next, cross multiply: 40 x​ s $480,000 x 10040s $48,000,000 Divide both sides of the equation by 40 to solve for s. 40s/40 $48,000,000/40s $1,200,000 So, the total dollar amount of Alexandrias car sales last year was  $1.2 million. Agent to Entertainers Henry is an agent for entertainers. He earns 10 percent of his clients’ salaries. If he made $72,000 last year, how much did his clients make in all?   Define what you know, and what you seek to determine: $10 per $100 of the entertainers salaries is paid to Henry as a commission.$72,000 per (what dollar amount) of the entertainers salaries is paid to Henry as a commission? Write the problem as follows, where s stands for salaries: 10/100 $72,000/s Then, cross multiply: 10 x s $72,000 x 10010s $7,200,000 Divide both sides of the equation by 10 to solve for s: 10s/10 $7,200,000/10s $720,000 In total, Henrys clients made  $720,000 last year. Pharmaceutical Sales Rep Alejandro, a pharmaceutical sales representative, sells statins for a drugmaker. He earns a 12 percent commission of the total sales of the statins he sells to hospitals. If he earned $60,000 in commissions, what was  the total dollar value of the drugs that he sold?   Define what you know and what you seek to determine: $12 per $100 of the value of the drugs is paid to Alejandro as a commission.$60,000 per (what dollar value) of the drugs is paid to Alejandro as a commission? Write the problem as follows, where d stands for dollar value: 12/100 $60,000/d Then, cross multiply: 12 x d   $60,000 x 10012d $6,000,000 Divide both sides of the equation by 12 to solve for d: 12d/12 $6,000,000/12d $500,000 The total dollar value of the drugs that Alejandro sold was  $500,000.

The History of the Lubicon Lake Band and the Case Against Canada Essay

The History of the Lubicon Lake Band and the Case Against Canada - Essay Example The community claimed that the government did not consult any of their representatives during its decision2. In addition, the group claimed that gas and oil exploration projects would compromise their habitat. The Lubicon lake community currently has approximately 500 members who are the among the indigenous community that lived in Canada before the arrival of the European immigrants. Members of this community depend on hunting and trapping as their main economic activity. Conflict between the community and the Canadian government began when the government failed to consider them in 1899 treaty3. The treaty aimed at identifying and protecting territories of indigenous communities who lived in the country. Following the government decision, members of the community failed to present a systematic or legal claim to the government to claim ownership of the land. Lubicon lake community may have assumed that the government was responsible in protecting the rights of every community particu larly the minority community. On the other hand, the government did not show economic interest on Lubicon band territory. The government may have ignored the incorporation of the community in the 1899 treaty in order to protect its interest in the region4. The struggle between the lake community and the nation attracted the interests of the international community in 1984. This followed a failed attempt by members of the community to achieve any political or legal settlement for their case concerning invasion of their indigenous land. The United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHCR) intervened in the case although, the community’s chiefs had previously requested for intervention from the international community. However, the Canadian government was against the decision claiming that they had not exhausted all domestic avenues that could be used to resolve such case5. After detailed investigations of the issue, the UNHCR concluded that available domestic remedies were insuffi cient to settle the case6. This is because the community did not have the ability to defend its interest against the country. In addition, the community was unlikely to win back their indigenous land back since Canada controlled the judicial system. In 1990, the UNHCR agreed that the state was a threat to the existence of the community by allowing invasion of their cultural land. The committee also agreed to include the Libicon community among threatened communities in order to attract the attention of the international community7. The committee also argued that the government had violated Article 27 of the international law concerning indigenous communities and indigenous territories. The Canadian government responded by increasing avenues for negotiation between the community and the government in relation to the controversial land. The government proposed resettlement of the community as the main solution to the case considering that the region was of national interest8. However, the Lubicon community declined the resettlement offers given by the government claiming that their traditions do not allow them to give up their ancestral land. Representatives of the community also argued that giving up their land would also be against the 1899 treaty. This is because the government pledged to protect the interests of indigenous community in cases involving land disputes. Community members also argued that currently the country did not have any

Business Ethics when Marketing to Children Research Paper

Business Ethics when Marketing to Children - Research Paper Example It will also examine reasons why marketers aim at children and why children are easily lured into some advertisements (Hadjiphani, et al, 2008). Smith (2010) indicates that ethics in marketing applies to diverse fields such as in advertising, pricing and promotion. Numerous analysts and marketers agree that children are marketers best friend. In the year 2007, Media Channel underlined the fact that in the United States, approximately two billion dollars was spent on promotions to children. Another disclosure from the study is that children really affect the items their parents buy. Despite all this, possible revenues that children can provide to manufacturers and their marketers, there are vital ethical matters that arise. Clay (2000) argues that advertising is an enormous, multi-million dollar project that is having a huge influence on child growth and development. The complete volume of advertising is increasing speedily and invading fresh areas of childhood like schools. The consequence is an outbreak of worldly standards among children and a narcissistic injuring of the children. Psychologists are providing information to marketers that they are using to raise profits rather than help children. Smith (2010) agrees that some businesses have become dishonorable for the use of psychologists in their advertising and promotion campaigns. Usually what such companies do is that when attempting to create a marketing strategy, they engage psychologist to advice them about approaches that they can use to manipulate children. Psychologists help marketers to generate operations that openly aim at children and those ones that effortlessly influence their options since they understand the way a childs mind work s. Akhtar (2009) asserts that Children are likely to be more susceptible to psychological enticements and strong images since their awareness about products, the media, and selling

More Perfect Union Speech Essay Example for Free

More Perfect Union Speech Essay In President Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign speech, the resentments of each subgroup spoken about are valid. Not everyone within the African-American community feels as strongly as he does about the resentments but majority do from what I’ve seen. There are many instances where one can say that because blacks and other minorities don’t get as many opportunities as those in the white community, their resentment continues to grow. Many African Americans also think that because so much has happened within the community due to what their ancestors dealt with, it sheds a negative light on them. I agree with what the President says about how even though the subgroups haven anger and resentments, they are usually expressed in small groups. Almost never are they spoken about publicly. I think his statement about the anger and resentments being counterproductive are very true. Racial tension does nothing but set our communities, and country as a whole, a step back. In my opinion, the only good aspect of voicing the anger and resentments everyone has against each other is that they become known publicly and are no longer secrets. By having anger towards blacks, whites, and any other group you are just widening the gap to equality. Jandt (2010) explained how knowing another’s cultural identity helps one understand the opportunities and challenges that each individual deals with. This is exactly why we must come together in unity. President Obama quotes William Faulkner saying, â€Å"the past isn’t dead and buried; in fact, it isn’t even past† (Obama, 2008, para. 27). I believe this statement is saying that the past doesn’t necessarily die; it becomes a part of us and makes us who we are today. This â€Å"past† is like a reoccurring thing like with racism, it is seen continuously throughout the centuries. And when it’s not seen or heard it is waiting for the right time to show itself once again. It is a never ending cycle. I do believe a trans-racial society is possible, but like President Obama said it will take time and effort to achieve it. It is desired by more Americans than it was before. President Obama believed that â€Å"working together, we can move beyond some of our old racial wounds†¦we have no choice if we are to continue on the path of a more perfect union† (Obama, 2008, para 38). Because our country is becoming more and more diverse we have to adjust and accept all of the various cultures and ethnicities in order to succeed as a society. We would have to start by initiating the equal opportunity rules stated in the constitution rather than just speak about what should be done. Boundaries that have been created should be broken involving race, social groups, and sex so that communication between the people isn’t filtered through physicality or stereotypes. Without working on communication between the people first societal change will continue to progress as slow as it has been.

A Forgettable Trip :: Free Essay Writer

The words on the sign that hung outside the bar gleamed: â€Å"Black Jack’s Bar.† After I jumped off my five-speed mountain bicycle and took off my helmet, I confidently walked up to the radiant building. I performed a last minute check of my appearance in an outside mirror. I slicked back my hair and tucked my tie-dye shirt inside of my tight blue jeans. Looking so sexy, I was ready to accomplish my goal for the night: to be flirtatious, and secure a lady’s telephone number in hopes of getting a date. My eyes surveyed the vicinity for irresistible women. At first, I did not see any desirable women; however, my eyes were soon affixed upon a beautiful blonde-hair woman with long legs. I decided to approach her. I asked her, â€Å"Are you tired?† She responded in a soft voice, â€Å"No. Why do you ask?† I then answered nonchalantly, â€Å"Because you have been running through my mind all night.† She erupted into laughter. I couldn’t understand why she had laughed at my pick-up line, which is a famous clichà © used to get dates. I decided that this lady wasn’t for me. I was a little disappointed, but I didn’t quit. I put more oil in my hair and was ready to proceed. I returned to my seat at the bar. I needed a drink to make me feel better so I ordered a scotch and water. Better hold the scotch. As the bartender handed me my drink, a young-looking brunette entered the bar. She walked in and sat down next to me; I had never seen such beauty before. I did nothing at first out of fear; however, I remembered my objective for the night and prepared a speech. I slid over to her and said, â€Å"Your feet must hurt.† She retorted, â€Å"No, not really. Why?† â€Å"Because you just fell from heaven, angel,† I replied. The brunette departed immediately for some unknown reason. I was dumbfounded. On any other night, I would have had two women in my arms. I thought deeply about my previous behavior. I decided that I would be myself and act normal around the next woman I saw. I decided to use this philosophy instead of a tactic called loan sharking. This is the process of buying a woman a drink while demanding something in return. Many people put on masks when meeting people just like I had done. People hide their true personality and make themselves less attractive.

How is 1984 terrifying? Essay

This brings in the relationships between Winston and Oi Brien. At first, they seem to have taken to each other, but in the end we find out that Oi Brien double-crossed Winston and that he couldni t trust someone he thought was his friend. The party did not want people to trust or have feelings for one another. A perfect example is, in the ministry of love, where a chinless man dropped a piece of bread for a starving fellow inmate. The man (who dropped the bread) was immediately punished, by being beaten until he bled. A normal person, in the ‘starving inmatei s positioni would have felt indebted to the man, as he was punished for trying to feed him, but moments after guards came in to take the inmate who was given the bread immediately betrayed the man who gave him the bread. Telling the guards to take him (chinless) to room 101 instead. This would have surely pleased Big Brother, as the eradication of friendship would be the partyi s main goal. When the request was not replied, the man pleaded that they rather slit throat of his wife and all his children than send him to room 101. This man was betraying his own family members. This would have pleased Big Brother. People came to the conclusion that one could not trust anybody in fear that they would report them to the thought police, where one would be vaporised. This was true when dealing with peoplei s families. In the ministry of love when Winston meets Parson who tells him how his daughter betrayed him when she heard him talking of overthrowing the party in his sleep. Other families were destroyed by the loss of respect between parents and children. People were refusing to obey their parents, as Big Brother encouraged them to do. The relationships between lovers were also controlled by the party, as they annihilate all the pleasures and desires of having sex and even promote artificial insemination. The party did not like sex as when two people share the experience they begin to love each other. The party then begins to put negative thought behind the idea of sex. This is illustrated during the two minutes that Winston describes Julia as â€Å"sexless†. During the relationship, Julia and Winston have to meet in secret. When they meet in secret from directions passed to each other on a note, so the prying eyes of the Telescreen do not catch them. This is particularly scary as nowadays, love is seen as a beautiful thing, not a secret affair. The last and final terrifying aspect of â€Å"nineteen eighty-four†, is the idea of all the power that Big Brother holds. Big Brother is a dictator with so much power that he is able to make people love him and fear him all at the same time. He controls them. The most dangerous thing about it is that Orwell does not really tell us whether or not Big Brother exists as he is Hitler, Stalin and Lenin all rolled into one, this time unstoppable, making it more real to readers as these are real people. Orwell believed that there would be a communist leader that would practise capitalism and still rule. This is exactly what Big Brother did. Orwell blends the terrifying aspects that the people experienced of communism and capitalism in his portrayal of Big brotheri s totalitarianism. Orwell describes the situation of the people in great detail when he wrote the description of the lives led by the people. Although the conditions were very poor, The party convinced people conditions fourty years ago, conditions were worse and that Big Brother was improving things. ‘Day and night, the Telescreen bruised peoplei s ears with news and information of how [people] were better off than people fourty years ago. i Because of all this propaganda making Big Brother seem like a God, Big Brother was able to scare people into hating the people that were a threat to the party. People like Goldstein. This was the reason of the two minutes hate. The two-minute hate was another example of the lack of individuality. Every party member was forced to take part. During the two minutes hate, people were watched for signs of â€Å"Unorthodox behaviour. † In the event, Winston sees Julia. He then has fantasies about her. These fantasies, although full of hateful thoughts, illustrate the passion he feels for her, but the fact that he thinks of being with her in these horrible scenarios, shows the way that Big Brother is able to control feelings. What I mean is when one person lusts after another, they have fantasies of being together in a place they would describe as paradise. They do not want to rape them in horrific scenes. The amount of passion he feels for Julia makes him want to be with her, but because he cani t, he has built up anger and hatred inside him. The picture of Goldstein shown in these two minutes, conjures up hate for the people. This is important, as people like Goldstein and his followers, the proles, were the biggest threat to the party. The people saw the proles as outcasts and propaganda made the people hate them. This is similar to the propaganda Hitler used against the Jews in the late 1930i s, so the people are able to relate. It was easy for Big Brother to make the people do this, as the people could not remember what life was like without a ruler (like Big Brother) to tell them what to do. Big Brother eliminated the past by destroying records and rewrote it. People, especially party members could not have memories. They were completely under Big Brotheri s control. In conclusion there are many terrifying aspects, but none more terrifying than the other is. Each is terrifying in iti s own way and all point to the fact that most of these things did, could have, and could still happen. Orwell realised this and that inspired him to write an ‘account of the futurei which is what â€Å"nineteen eighty-four† was to him and others living in 1949. Although terrifying now, these things would have been more terrifying in 1949, because, the things Orwell described had happened to them in some form. For example, the threats of labour camps, them being told that the Jews (Goldstein) were the enemy, capitalist dictatorship. So this book would have been the terrifying reality to the people of that time. At the time this novel was written, the Russian revolution and World War II was the reality and these things were happening in Russia. So in answer to the question, this novel would have been much more terrifying in 1949, because to them this book was real life.

The factory farms normally hold a large number of animals

Factory farming can be perceived as an enterprising activity that is aimed at increasing the animals' productivity at the lowest cost   possible so as to increase the profit margins while meeting the huge market demands.The factory farms normally hold a large number of animals, and mostly cows, pigs, chickens and also turkeys indoors, and the purpose of holding these animals is to produce milk, meat and eggs at the cost effective production level. A wide range of artificial applications are practiced in order to improve the animals' health and production and they include   the application of growth hormones, vitamin supplements and also the use of antimicrobial agents.Due to the large number of animals within a small area, their movements and actions are restricted as these movements and actions are considered to be unnecessary, as the main objective of the farm is to increase productivity which will definitely imply high profits.The breeding of these animals while in factory far ms is controlled by limiting the animals to the production of certain breeds which are likely to be productive depending on the manipulated genetically compositions.The paper emphases on the various practices in the factory farms on animals and their impact on the animals, the environment and also the effect on humanity as the consumers of these products. The paper ends by giving the possible measure that can be put in place to correct evils of factory farms if any as identified in the following arguments.The treatment of animals in factory farms can be perceived as being unfair if the animals are to be regarded as living things which are liable to respond to irritations and other stimuli. The animals that are held in the factory farms are treated unfairly at the expense of the farm owners trying to maximize their profits, hence treating animals like just production units.The animals in factory farms   which are held for the production of meat, eggs and milk are subjected to anima l abuse, genetic compositions are alterations to produce the desired breeds with high productivity levels, they are over crowded and confined in cages which restricts their movements and certain behavioral actions, they are subjected to cruel mutilation, they are handled in a harsh manner, neglected, and they are slaughtered in an inhumane manner (Seitz 216).All the above mentioned unfair treatment of the animals in factory farms has been occurring and is certain to continue increasing as the demand for the products from these animals increase.This scenario of animal abuse has been enabled by the fact that there is no federal   legal protection for these animals like in the case of dogs and cats where these acts are likely to be illegal, which portrays the biasness in the application of law (Francione & Watson 145).The farm animals are equivalent to dogs and cats who are cherished as champions as they less sensitive, intelligent and responsive to pain than the dogs and cats thus t hey need a fair treatment.The animals that are kept in cages, are deprived their freedom to move and also the liberty to exercise, and rather their energies are preserved so as to increase their productivity (Armstrong and Botzler 180). The animals are fed with drugs with an aim of fattening them faster and getting genetically manipulated to grow faster, produce a lot of milk than they can produce naturally and also the laying of eggs made quicker and the quality of eggs ensured.This treatment of the factory farm animal is unfair because it is likely to impose stress on the animals making them to develop some behaviors which are not natural because they are over strained to meet a given production level which is high above the natural level, thus over capacity utilization.This situation also posses the risk of loosing the indigenous breeds due to the genetic manipulation, which eliminates the indigenous traits in animals.There is also a risk of a certain species of animal going into extinction as the genetically modified animals are meant for some specific purposes like the production of meat, egg or milk, while ignoring to consider the future existence of these animals because these genetically modifications are meant to meet the immediate need for profit maximization and not considering the possibilities for the animals to ensure generational progress, without forgetting side effects inherent in the manipulations which might come up later in the future generations including the infertility of the animals (Kistler 90).

Minnesota Iron Range Dialect Essays - Dialect, Language, Lexicology

Minnesota Iron Range Dialect Essays - Dialect, Language, Lexicology Minnesota Iron Range Dialect EngL 3851 Fall 1998 I am a Minnesotan. I have lived here all my life and may continue to do so. Stereotype me: The 10 o'clock news is my window dressing for the 10 o'clock weather (Mohr, 9). You betcha it is. Yah. I wouldn't want you to think that I'm not happy here-it could be worse. Lutefisk. . . umm, my favorite. Are you close; is this representative of myself and most my fellow Minnesotans? Forgive us, but this is slightly, no this is completely ludicrous. For these and all the numerous other stereotypes alike, whom can we blame? Can the Kohan brothers be blamed for their depiction of Minnesotan's in the movie Fargo? No, it goes much farther back than that. Better yet then, why not blame the Minnesotan of the north-the Iron Rangers. Surely most of them do fit the stereotypes. Most of their speech does indeed portray the above dialect which is a "consistently systematic, regional or social variation of a language" (Shepherd, ix) . . . where language is the vehicle of our expression, personality and culture. In this paper I intend to examine the dialect of the Minnesota Iron Range. I intend to tell you why I am analyzing this and where the distinct dialect comes from-its' history. As proof of existence I will offer numerous examples from both secondary information and primary observation. Wha t I will attempt to prove is that no amount of education will change the dialect of the range because its development and use is culturally and regionally based, it begins prior to education, and it will continue as long as the speaker is tied to the region. To begin, I want to express why I chose to focus on the dialect of the Minnesota Iron Range. Honestly, I did it because the way English is spoken on the Range is insane; it sounds illiterate and idiotic. I had grown tired of the Minnesota generalized jokes uttered by family and friends from, or living out of state, when I myself do not exhibit this dialect. I wanted an explanation; tangible evidence that proved that proper education could change Range dialect. Until very recently I was under the wrong assumption that education was failing the Iron Range Minnesotan. I have a godchild in Hibbing who I want nothing but the best for, especially an education. However, as a direct result of research for this paper I became convinced, as I have already stated, that no amount of education will influentially change this Range dialect. In The Origin And Development Of The Iron Range Dialect In Minnesota William Labov said that "one cannot understand the development of a language change apart from the social life of the community in which it occurs"(qtd. In Linn, 75). Certainly the Iron Range is no exception. The history of the area is rich and must be at least briefly examined. In the 1800's migrating Americans and European immigrants were seeking agricultural land in Minnesota (Underwood, 1). The Range at this time was a densely forested, almost unpopulated region not appealing to agricultural seeking individuals. The area would continue this way until the late 1800's-1880's and 1890's-when ore was discovered and mines began to open (Underwood, 1). The unique Range dialect essentially starts here. Michael Linn proclaims that "By 1900 operations had increased and the desire for cheap labor forced mining companies to import large numbers of immigrants from Europe. Until 1929 there was [also] a thriving lumber indust ry which too brought in large numbers of immigrants" (75). As can be imagined such change in such a short amount of time had an enormous impact. The area was not being settled by residents of our nation, but rather by immigrants of numerous ethnic backgrounds. "There was no base of English speaking residents in the area . . . during the settlement period" (Linn, 75). And thus, "the number of languages and dialects spoken on the Range had been estimated as high as Forty-three" (Linn, 76). All these non-English speaking immigrants were employed by a small number of English speaking bosses (Linn, 76). The relations formed were surely not that different from those of plantation slaves of the past. However, one clear

How I Make a Full-time Living as a Writer

How I Make a Full-time Living as a Writer I’ve always been a writer, winning a school poetry competition at the age of 7 and writing my first book between the ages of 12 and 13. Ideas come to me easily, and, until I found an outlet for them, it bothered me to have far more than I’d ever be able to use especially as many would-be writers seem to suffer from a lack of them. I worked in government/financial administration and the computer industry, but wrote novels and short stories in my spare time. While perusing Writers News magazine (UK) in October 2001, a small quote struck a chord with me. Philip Pullman was asked where he got his ideas from, and quipped that he bought them ready-made from ideas-r-us.com. He was obviously jesting, but I decided to start the actual site and ideas4writers (www.ideas4writers.co.uk) was born. The site went live in August 2002. Members could subscribe for 6 or 12 months at a time and access the complete collection of ideas, which they were free to use or adapt. I added new ideas and what ifs every month and included tips, advice, insider secrets, and so on. I also designed â€Å"writing engines† which generate characters and story outlines with a single click. It was very successful: in September 2003 I went part-time in my job, and in May 2004 I left it. I managed to write a book in 2005, The Fastest Way to Write Your Book, partly based on tips Id collected over the past three years. I self-published it, and used what I learned to help some ideas4writers members publish their own books. But I hit a wall after that, because coming up with new ideas for the site was taking all my time. lifetime membership. New members could join for a one-off fee double the price of the previous annual subscription. I turned the 5,000 ideas into 35 ebooks and made them available for non-members to buy. (New members can still join and download the whole lot.) And I repackaged the what ifs into an ebook: The Fastest Way to Get Ideas 4,400 Essential What Ifs for Writers. The ideas4writers website also lists newsworthy historic anniversaries, several months in advance. Members asked if I could expand this to cover a whole year at a time – and so The Date-A-Base Book was born. This series now generates the majority of my income. Each edition takes nearly five months to compile, but that leaves the rest of the year free for other projects. Its been quite a journey to get where I am today, and not without worries. There was a year with almost no income when a project went wrong. I spent nine months mentoring a new writer and editing her trilogy which would have been huge. But she got nervous, decided she wouldnt be able to cope with the fame, and pulled out. I nearly had to go back to my old job and even had a chat with my former boss. I managed to recoup the lost income Things are pretty settled now, and I’ve become active in the community where I live, chairing committees and so on. I’ve since discovered a much easier way to make a good living as a writer. Learn all about in Ditch Your Day Job! – a free ebook (PDF) available on my blog (http://ideas4writers.wordpress.com).

Growth trategy of Adida Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7750 words

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Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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